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ARTICLE TYPE : REVIEW ARTICLE

Published on :   31 Jul 2026, Volume - 2
Journal Title :   WebLog Journal of Nephrology | WebLog J Nephrol | WJNP
Journal ISSN:   3143-4800
Source URL:   weblog icon https://weblogoa.com/articles/wjnp.2026.g3103
Permanent Identifier (DOI) :   doi icon https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21845554

Urolithiasis Revisited: An Updated Comprehensive Review with Case Illustrations

Jyothi Basini 1 *
Gandla Sai Rohitha 2
Lalini Deva 2
Musturi Jagadeesh 2
Chakali Anusha 2
B. Navya 3
D. Swapna 3
M. Akhila 3
T. Sai 3
B. Vivek Reddy 3
1Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Venkatramapuram, Tirupati-517561, AP, India
2Pharm.D Students, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Venkatramapuram, Tirupati-517561, AP, India
3B.Pharmacy Students, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Venkatramapuram, Tirupati-517561, AP, India

Abstract

Urolithiasis is the most prevalent global urological disorder characterized by the formation of urinary calculi resulting from super saturation and crystallization of minerals such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite and cystine. Its incidence varies significantly across regions due to dietary habits, climate, genetic predisposition and metabolic abnormalities. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the epidemiology, chemical types and etiological contributors of urolithiasis, while also outlining the underlying mechanisms involved in stone formation. The objectives include describing the key physicochemical events super saturation, nucleation, crystal growth, aggregation and retention and outlining the major concepts that explain how these early crystalline changes progress within the urinary tract. These processes reflect the dynamic interaction between metabolic abnormalities, urinary pH variations, epithelial responses and the accumulation of crystalline particles, ultimately contributing to the formation and persistence of urinary stones. Clinically, urolithiasis commonly presents with acute renal colic, hematuria, nausea and vomiting, with symptom severity depending on stone size and location.

Although diagnostic and therapeutic advances have improved outcomes, recurrence remains high. Future perspectives in this field involve shifting toward precision-based prevention, using metabolic profiling, stone-specific interventions and novel research areas including microbiome dynamics, genetic markers and crystallization-modulating agents to achieve more sustained control of stone recurrence. To strengthen the clinical relevance of this review, two case studies are included to demonstrate typical presentations of renal and ureteric calculi and to emphasize the practical aspects of diagnosis, imaging interpretation and early therapeutic decision making.

Keywords: Urolithiasis; Nephrolithiasis; Urinary Stones; Epidemiology; Pathophysiology; Super Saturation; Randall’s Plaque; Recurrence; Future Perspectives

Citation

Basini J, Sai Rohitha G, Deva L, Jagadeesh M, Anusha C, Navya B, et al. Urolithiasis Revisited: An Updated Comprehensive Review with Case Illustrations. WebLog J Nephrol. wjnp.2026.g3103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21845554
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