Background: Chondromalacia patella is a common source of anterior knee pain in athletes, often leading to impaired quadriceps control and delayed return to sport. Conventional rehabilitation typically focuses on single-angle or generalized strengthening, which may not adequately activate muscles throughout the joint’s functional range.

Purpose: This case report introduces the Dynamic Angle-Based Neuromuscular Activation (D.A.N.A.) Protocol, a…

An unusual rare case of hemolytic uremic syndrome in a toddler girl who was a known case of hypoganglionosis initially mimicked appendicitis and intussusception with pulmonary infection but finally leading to very rare complications of sigmoid colonic and jejunal strictures which required operative intervention by laparotomy with resections of the strictures and end to end anastomosis has been reported with complete recovery.

Keywords: Appendicitis, Colon, Complications,…

Instrumental methods of chemical analysis have revolutionized modern analytical science by providing rapid, precise, and highly sensitive techniques for qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical substances. Unlike traditional wet chemical methods, these techniques rely on physical and physicochemical properties such as light absorption, electrical potential, conductivity, and emission intensity to obtain accurate results. This review highlights the fundamental principles,…

Anatomical anomalies of the thyroid gland are very important for the management of thyroidectomy operations. The thyroid gland consists of two lobes and the isthmus connecting them. The absence of the isthmus of the thyroid gland is defined as thyroid isthmus agenesis and very few cases have been reported in the literature. In the present case, isthmus agenesis was detected during thyroidectomy operation performed due to suspicion of malignancy. Caution should be exercised in terms of…

Corneal inflammation from various causes characterized by small scattered spots of loss or injury to the corneal epithelium, observed after instillation of sodium fluorescein dye and under cobalt blue filter illumination [1].

In this case, a 76-year-old woman with evaporative dry eye due to Meibomian gland dysfunction [2] and superficial punctate keratitis, Grade 2 according to Oxford scale, and a score of 20 on the OSDI test [3]. Her symptoms include redness, tearing, photophobia,…

Maternal and child health outcomes are shaped by complex environmental, social, and policy-level determinants that extend far beyond individual clinical care. The upstream perspective emphasizes prevention through action on these structural and environmental factors. This paper explores the upstream determinants of maternal and child environmental health—including air pollution, water sanitation, occupational hazards, and climate change—and highlights the crucial role of midwives in…

Background: Coxa vara in children is a rare but functionally disabling complication following femoral neck fractures, often arising from malunion or growth disturbances. Correction requires addressing both mechanical alignment and physeal orientation to prevent recurrence. This report highlights a successful intertrochanteric valgus osteotomy using a proximal femoral locking plate in a young child with post-traumatic coxa vara.

Case Presentation: A…

Introduction: The use of clustering analysis within healthcare has evidenced promise in grouping complex medical cases, with increasing attention being given in grouping mental health symptoms and outcomes. Limited information is available on clustering for mental health symptoms in patients who have experienced a recent traumatic physical injury. Similarly, it is unknown if different patient subtypes have diverse social risk factors or if treatment response may…

Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is central to immune recognition, orchestrating the distinction between self and non-self-antigens. Its significance in orthopaedics has gained increasing attention due to its involvement in autoimmune disorders, tissue transplantation, and implant-related complications.

Methods: This review synthesises evidence from published literature on the structure, function, and polymorphism of HLA genes…

Background: The hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio is a critical determinant of knee stability, functional performance, and injury prevention. Optimizing this ratio is essential for reducing injury risk, particularly among athletes and physically active individuals. Isometric training, characterized by pushing and holding exercises, is commonly used to enhance strength. However, the comparative effects of these two methods at different joint angles, particularly…