Dr. Ashok Chakraborty, Sr. Res. Scientist, Professor of Chemistry.

After having a Ph.D. degree from India in 1982, I was awarded with Japan Government (Monbusho) Scholarship and headed to Kobe University School of Medicine, Dermatology Department, to get a Postdoctoral training on “Melanoma Biology and Melanogenesis Biology”.  In almost two years, I was good enough to complete three paper works, one of them attracted the eyes of Yale Professor, Dr. Pawelek (Dermatology Department Yale School of Medicine) who then invited me in his lab in 1989. There I worked on Melanogenesis Regulation and on mechanism of Melanoma Metastasis, until 2003. During that time, I have published more than 50 papers, two of which are in “Nature”.

In 2003 I joined the Oncology Department at Yale as a Research Scientist, and continued to work on Breast Cancer Drug Discovery, and published about 30 papers in various peer reviewed Journals, including, Cancer Research, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, etc.

In 2014, I took retirement from Yale and joined AllExcel, Inc., a biotech company at Shelton, CT, who are involved in the development of anti-viral drugs against, Flue, Ebola, etc., and recently on COVID-19. There I opened a new wing to work on cell therapy, gene therapy of other diseases, especially, neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD).  We made a new cell by “somatic cell-cell interaction” which shows an increase proliferation, longer survival times compared to normal Neural stem cells; and differentiate, too. In animal studies, these cells showed lots of improvement in chemically-induced PD Symptoms in rats.

Completed projects that I would like to highlight includes:

(1) COVID therapy: Broad Spectrum Antiviral Drug Development with a biopolymer and it’s encapsulated Remdesivir

(2) Regulation of Melanogenesis

(3) Biology of Melanoma metastasis

• Allogeneic cell therapy of PD and AD
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics studies of Company’s antiviral drug regimen
• Cancer therapy by encapsulation of different anti cancer drugs using our platform-based biopolymer mediated encapsulation and attaching to specific target(s) molecules for proper delivery to the targets.

• Chakraborty A, Guha S (2025). Management of Parkinson’s Disease Through Nutrition. Nature Cell Science (2025); In Press.
• Chakraborty A, Guha S (2025). The Pros and Cons of Protein Metabolism, Especially for Women’s Health. Food Sci: Indian Journal of Research in Food Science and Nutrition, Vol 12(1), 07-11, January-June 2025. DOI: 10.15613/fijrfn/2025/v12i1/49616.
• Chakraborty A, Guha S (2025). Quality of nutrition for graceful ageing. Food Nutrition Chemistry. 2025; 3(2): 262-272. https://doi.org/10.18686/fnc262.
• Chakraborty A, Guha S (2025). Management of Alzheimer’s Disease through Nutrition. ARC Journal of Neuroscience, 8: 1, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.20431/2456-057X.0801002
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A (2024). Nano-based cell therapy for AD and PD. Fortune Journal of Health Sciences. 7: 318-324. DOI:10.26502/fjhs.192.
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disease (NDD). AIMS Molecular Science, 10(3): 171-185.
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A (2022). Somatic Cell-Fusion and/or Co-Culturing: A Mechanism for Cell Re-Programming Prior to Cell Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Fortune Journal of Health Sciences. Vol. 6 No. 1 - Mar 2023. DOI: 10.26502/fjhs.092.
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A (2022). Cell Therapy of Parkinson’s disease with Modified Neural Stem Cells: Explore the Possibilities. Int J Stem Cell Regen Med 4(1): 115. https://doi.org/10.36266/IJSCRM/115.
• Ashok Chakraborty, and Anil Diwan (2022). How and Why Macrophages are Connected with the Parkinson’s Disease: A Short Review to Develop a Therapeutic Strategy for PD. J. Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews. 7(2); 1-6. DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/127.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2022). Therapeutic interventions of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Neurol Neurosci. (2022) Vol 3, Issue 2; pp.1-1.
• Chakraborty A, Diwan A (2022). Similarities among Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia May Call for a Similar Treatment. Neurol Curr Res. 2(2):1014.
• Chakraborty A, Diwan A (2022). A Brief Notes on Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy and Cell-Based Gene Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease. Medp Neurol Neurosurg. 3(1): mpnns 202203001.
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A. (2022). Molecular And Cellular Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease and its Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Neurobiol. 4(1): 141-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36266/IJN/141.
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A (2021). Modified neural stem cells: A new regimen for cell therapy of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Current Trends in Neurology. Vol. 15, 43-48.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2021). Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease: It’s Therapeutics. SOJ Neuro Neurosci. 1(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.53902/SOJNN.2021.01.000501. 16. Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2021). Co-culturing NSCs with Melanocyte Increased its Dopamine and Neural Factor Secretion. Acta Scientific Neurology (ISSN: 2582-1121), 4(5); 70-78.
• Guha, S. & Chakraborty, A. (2021). Impact of Music on Health and Disease: With Special Reference to Neurodegenerative Ailments. Journal of Advanced Biochemistry, 1(1): 1-5.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2020). Cell-Cell interaction: A method to upgrade the Neural Cells Function. Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology 11(4): 001-003.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Ayan Chakraborty, Kylie Smith, Debjit Chakraborty and Smita Guha (2020). Physical therapy for neurodegenerative disease: An educational approach. The Neuroscience Chronicles 2020; 3(3): 3-4. Doi: 10.31487/j.NNB202-0.03.11.
• Ashok Chakraborty and Anil Diwan (2020). Alzheimer Disease (AD) Cell Therapy Using Human Neural Stem Cells: Validity of the Approach. J Brain Res Volume 3: 2.
• Ashok Chakraborty and Anil Diwan (2020). Parkinson’s disease: cell therapy vs. gene therapy Neurosci Chron. 1(1): 6-10.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan. (2020). Alzheimer and it’s possible Therapy: A Review. Journal of Experimental Neurology. 1(4): 115-122. https://www.scientificarchives.com/journal/journal-of-experimental-neurology
• A Chakraborty and Anil Diwan (2020). Autocrine and paracrine stimulation of dopamine secretion by human neural stem cells: Role BDNF and GDNF. Neurol Neurosci Rep. 3: 1-6. doi: 10.15761/NNR.1000118.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Sam Brauer, Anil Diwan (2020). A review of Possible therapies of Parkinson’s disease. J. Clin. Neurosc. 76; 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.047.
• Chakraborty A, Diwan A (2019). Selection of Cells for Parkinson’s Disease Cell-Therapy. Int J Stem Cell Res Ther. 6:063. doi.org/10.23937/2469-570X/1410063.
• Chakraborty A, Diwan A, Chiniga V, Arora V, Thakur Y, Tatake J, et al. (2025) RemdesivirbisPropionate, a better derivative of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo PK/PD Study as well as its therapeutic potential. PLoS One 20(5): e0324811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0324811
• Chakraborty A and Diwan A, Tatake J (2023). Prospect of Nanomaterials as an Antimicrobial and Antiviral Regimen. AIMS Microbiology. 9(3): 444–466. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023024. Received: 05 January 2023; Revised: 09 March 2023; Accepted: 17 April 2023; Published: 10 May 2023.
• Chakraborty A, Diwan A, Chiniga V, Arora V, Holkar P, Thakur Y, eal. (2022) Dual effects of NV-CoV-2 biomimetic polymer: An antiviral regimen against COVID-19. PLoS ONE 17(12): e0278963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0278963.
• shok Chakraborty and Anil Diwan (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Immunity: Still to Explore for COVID-19. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res. 45(4): 36642-50. BJSTR. MS.ID.007229.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2022). Mismatch of In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Effect of Remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2. J Med - Clin Res & Rev. 6(8): 1-4. https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/mismatch-of-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-antiviral-effect-ofremdesivir-against-sarscov2-2363.pdf
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Randall Barton, Vinod Arora, Yogesh Thakur,Vijetha Chiniga, Jay Tatake, Rajesh Pandey, Preetam Holkar, Neelam Holkar, Bethany Pond (2022). A new antiviral regimen against SATS-CoV-2 based on Nanoviricides biopolymer (NV-CoV-2). Frontiers Nanotechnol, 4: 891605. Doi: 10.3389/fnano.2022.891605
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Vinod Arora, Yogesh Thakur, Vijetha Chiniga, Jay Tatake, Rajesh Pandey, Preetam Holkar, Neelam Holkar, Bethany Pond. Mechanism of Antiviral Activities of Nanoviricide’s Platform technology Based Biopolymer (NV-CoV-2). AIMS Public Health. 9(2); 2022: 415-422. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2022028.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Vinod Arora, Yogesh Thakur, Vijetha Chiniga, Jay Tatake, Rajesh Pandey, Preetam, Holkar, Neelam Holkar and Bethany Pond (2022). Encapsulation of Remdesivir with NV-COV-2 biopolymer delays formation of GS- 441524 in vivo. Clin. Invest. (Lond.) 12(2), 23-29. https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/encapsulation-of-remdesivir-with-nvcov2- biopolymer-delays-formation-of-gs441524-in-vivo-15315.html\
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Vinod Arora, Yogesh Thakur, Vijetha Chiniga, Jay Tatake, Rajesh Pandey, Preetam, Holkar, Neelam Holkar and Bethany Pond (2022). Encapsulation of Remdesivir in Nanoviricide’s Platform Technology Based NV-CoV-2 Polymer Protects the Drug and Improves Its Pharmacokinetics. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 10.2 (2022): 108-118. https://ecronicon.org/assets/ecpt/pdf/ECPT-10-00707.pdf
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Vinod Arora, Yogesh Thakur, Preetam Holkar, and Vijetha Chiniga (2022). Nanoviricides Platform Technology Based NV-387 Polymer Protects Remdesivir from Plasma-Mediated Catabolism In vitro: Importance of its Increased Lifetime for In vivo Action. Recent Adv Clin Trials. 1(1); 1-8. https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/nanoviricides-platform-technology-based-nv387-polymer-protects-remdesivir-from-plasmamediated-catabolism-in-vitro-importance-of-it-2039.pdf.
• Diwan A, Chakraborty A, Tatake J, Barton R, Chiniga V, Pandey R, Holkar P, Arora V, Thakur Y, Holkar N and Pond B (2021). Broad Spectrum Antiviral Therapy can Supersede Vaccination Strategy for Combating COVID-19 Pandemic. Med J Clin Trials Case Stud 5(4): 000298. DOI: 10.23880/mjccs-16000298.
• Chakraborty, Ashok. & Guha Smita. (2020). COVID-19: Many Questions with Some Answers. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research. 7(9); 6208-6216. http://ijramr.com/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/3339.pdf.
• Chakraborty, A. & Guha S. (2020). COVID-19: Concern and Education for Global Health for a Must Traveler. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health. 9(1): 4-9. doi 10.34172/ijtmgh.2021.02.
• Chakraborty, A & Guha S. (2020). COVID-19: Myths and Facts. InternationJournal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research. 7(9); 6217-6219. http://ijramr.com/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/3343.pdf.
• Guha Smita & Chakraborty Ashok (2021). Coronavirus Management and Control: Nutrition and Alternative Medicines. Nutrition and Health 15; 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060211009704.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2020). Pharmacodynamics of Remdesivir: How to improve for COVID-19 Treatment. Journal of Biomedical Res. Environ. Sci. 1(8): 431-438. Doi: 10.37871/jbres1175.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan (2020). NL-63: A better surrogate virus for studying SARS-CoV-2. Integrative Molecular Medicine. 7: 1-9. Doi: 10.15761/IMM.1000408.
• Ashok Chakraborty and Smita Guha (2020). COVID-19: MANY QUESTIONS WITH SOME ANSWERS. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research. 05(098): 6208-6216.
• Ashok Chakraborty and Smita Guha (2020). COVID-19: SOME MYTHS AND SOME FACTS. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research. 07(08): 6217-6219.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Brian Friedrich, Jayant Tatake, Vijetha Chiniga, Meghana Rawal, Randall Barton, Preetam Holkar, Neelam Holkar and Vinod Arora (2020). COVID-19: Search for Therapeutics. Integr. Mol. Med, 2020; 7:1-9. Doi: 10.15761/IMM.1000407
• Ashok Chakraborty, Anil Diwan, Vijetha Chiniga, Preetam Holkar, and Vinod Arora (2020). A short review on COVID-19: A great concern to public health. Trends in Res, 3: 1-2. Doi: 10.15761/TR.1000167
• Ashok Chakraborty and Anil Diwan (2024). Nanopolymer-mediated targeting cancer with M1 macrophage polarizing factor; A unique strategy to fight against cancer. Int. J. Res. Oncol. 3 (20): 1-11
• Anil Diwan; Jayant Tatake; Vijetha Chinige; Preetam Holkar; Rajesh Pandey; Ashok Chakraborty (2022). Construction and testing for anticancer effect of a TheraCour Biopolymer. BAOJ Cancer Res The. 6(1): 1004. http://www.bioaccent.org/pdfs/cancerresearch-v6-1004.pdf
• Chakraborty, A., Guha, S. & Chakraborty, D. (2020). Micronutrients in Preventing Cancer: A Critical Review of Research. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology, 5 (3), 119-125. DOI: 10.31557/APJCB.2020.5.3.119-125.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Smita Guha, and Debjit Chakraborty (2020). Micronutrients in Preventing Cancer: A Critical Review of Research. Asian Pac J Cancer Biol. 5 (3): 119-125. DOI:10.31557/APJCB.2020.5.3.119
• Debjit Chakraborty, Smita Guha, Ashok K Chakraborty (2020). Critical Review on Role of Some Nutritional Components in Prevention of Cancer In India: An Educators Role. J Cancer Res Therap Oncol. 8: 1-8. DOI: 10.17303/jcrto.2020.8.203
• Pramanick S, Chakraborty D, Bera S, Dutta K, Chauduri RN, Chakraborty A (2020). A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors of Breast Cancer among Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata, India. J Cell Biol Cell Metab. 7: 020. DOI: 10.24966/CBCM-1943/100020
• Chakraborty AK, Christos H, and Digiovanna M (2017). Co-targeting the HER and IGF/insulin receptor axis in breast cancer, with triple-targeting with endocrine therapy for hormone sensitive disease. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 163:37–50.
• Chakraborty AK, Zerrillo C, and Digiovanna M (2015). Synergistic antitumoral effect of an IGF-IR inhibitor and HER2 inhibitor on HER2-overexpressing and low expressing breast cancer xenograft model. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 152(3), 533-544.
• Chakraborty AK, Mehra R, and Digiovanna M (2015). Co-targeting ER and HER family receptors induces apoptosis in Her2 normal or overexpressing breast cancer models. Anti Cancer Research. 35, 1243-1250.
• Matthew A. Held, Casey Langdon, James Platt, Tisheeka Steed, Ashok Chakraborty, Zongzhi Liu, Antonella Bachiocchi, Ruth Halaban, Marcus W. Bosenberg, David F. Stern (2013). Effective Genotype-Selective Drug Combinations in Melanoma Identified by Combinatorial Drug Screening. Cancer Discover. 3(1), 1-16.
• Rossitza Lazova, Ashok Chakraborty, John M Pawelek (2011). Leukocyte-cancer cell fusion: initiator of the warburg effect in malignancy? Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2011; 714:151-172.
• Jilaveanu, LB., Zito, C, Aziz SA, Chakraborty, AK., Davies, MA., Camp RL Rim DL, Dudek A, Sznol, M, Kluger HM (2011). In vitro studies of dasatinib, its targets and predictors of sensitivity. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 24 (2): 386–389.
• Chakraborty AK, Welsh A, and Digiovanna M (2010). Co-targeting the insulin-like growth factor I receptor enhances growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of anti-estrogens in human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 120(2): 327-35.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, and Pawelek JM (2009). Upregulation of alpha and beta integrin subunits in metastatic macrophage–melanoma fusion hybrids. Melanoma Research 219:343–349.
• Chakraborty AK, Liang K, and Digiovanna M (2008). Co-targeting IGF1R and HER2: Dramatic effects of HER2 inhibitors on non-0verexpressing Breast cancer. Cancer Res. 68(5): 1538-1545.
• Pawelek J., and Chakraborty AK (2008). Fusion of primary tumor cells with migratory bone marrow-derived cells provides a unifying explanation of metastasis. Nature Reviews Cancer 8: 377 – 386.
• Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (2007). 􀀀1, 6-branched oligosaccharides regulate Melanin content and motility in macrophage-melanoma Fusion Hybrids. Melanoma Research 17(1): 9-16.
• Chakraborty AK, De Frietas Sousa J, Chakraborty D, Funasaka Y, Bhattacharya M, and Pawelek J (2006). GnT-V expression and metastatic phenotypes in macrophagemelanoma fusion hybrids is down-regulated by 5-Aza-dC: Evidence for methylation sensitive, extragenic regulation of GnT-V transcription. Gene 374:166-73.
• Chakraborty AK, Lazova R, Davies S, Backvall H, Ponten F, Brash D, Pawelek J (2004). Donor DNA in a renal cell carcinoma metastasis from a bone marrow transplant recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant 34, 183-186.
• Chakraborty AK, Kolesnikova N, De Freitas Sousa J, Espreafico EM, Peronni KC, Pawelek J. (2003) Expression of c-Met protooncogene in metastatic macrophage melanoma fusion hybrids: Implication of its role in MSH-induced motility. Oncology Research 14, 163-174.
• Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek JM (2003). GnT-V, Macrophage and Cancer Metastasis: A common link. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 20(4): 365-373.
• Chakraborty AK, and Yamga S (2003). Identification of gene(s) involved in the regulation of melanoma metastasis by differential display of mRNA. GENE 315: 165-175.
• Pawelek JM, Sodi S, Chakraborty AK, Platt J, Miller S, Holden DW, Hensel M, and Brooks-Low K (2002). Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 and anticancer activity in mice. Cancer Gene Therapy, 9: 813-818.
• Chakraborty AK, de Freitas Sousa J, Espreafico EM, Pawelek JM (2001). Human monocyte x mouse melanoma fusion hybrids express human gene. GENE 275: 103-106.
• Chakraborty AK, Pawelek J, Ikeda Y., Miyoshi E, Kolesnikova N, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M and Taniguchi N (2001). Fusion hybrids with macrophage and melanoma cells upregulate N-acetylglucos-aminyl transferase V, 􀀀1-6 branching, and metastasis. Cell Growth and Differ. 12: 623-630.
• Chakraborty AK, Sodi SA, Rachkovsky ML, Bolognia JL, and Pawelek JM (2000). Spontaneously formed melanoma x host cell hybrids are metastatic. Cancer Res. 60: 2512-2519.
• Chakraborty AK (2000). Identification of microsatellite length polymorphism by a PCR based assay at IL-1􀀀 gene locus in cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 157: 93-97.
• Pawelek JM, Chakraborty AK, Rachkovsky ML, Orlow SJ, Bolognia JL, and Sodi SA (1999). Altered N-glycosylation in Macrophage x Melanoma fusion hybrids. Cell. and Mol. Biol. 45(7): 1011-1027.
• Brooks-Low K, Ittensohn M, Le T, Platt J, Sodi S, Amoss M, Ash O, Carmichael E, Chakraborty AK, Fischer J, Lin SL, Luo X, Miller S, Zheng L, King I, Pawelek JM, and Bermudes D (1999). Lipid A mutant Salmonella with suppressed virulence and TNFa induction retain tumor-targeting in vivo. Nature (Biotechnology) 17: 37-41.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, Sodi S, Bhattacharya M, and Pawelek J (1999). Upregulation of mRNA for the melanocortin-1 receptor but not for melanogenic proteins in macrophage x melanoma fusion hybrids exhibiting increased melanogenic and metastatic potential. Pigment Cell Res. 12 (6): 355-366.
• Rachkovsky M, Sodi S, Chakraborty AK, Avissar Y, Bolognia J, Madison J, Bermudes D, and Pawelek J (1998). Melanoma/ macrophage fusion hybrids with enhanced metastatic potential. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16: 299-312.
• Sodi SA, Chakraborty AK, Platt JT, Kolesnikova N, Rosemblat S, Keh-Yen A, Bolognia JL, Rachkovsky ML, Orlow SJ, Pawelek JM (1998). Melanoma x macrophage fusion hybrids acquire increased melanogenesis and metastatic potential: Altered N-glycosylation as an underlying mechanism. Pigment Cell Res. 11: 299-309.
• Chakraborty AK, Ueda M, Ichihashi M, and Mishima Y (1993). Intracellular glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes in melanoma metastatic variant cell line. Melanoma Research. 2: 315-319.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Araki K, Horikawa T, Ichihashi M (2003). Evidence that the small GTPase Rab8 involves in melanosome traffic and dendrite extension in B16 melanoma cells. Cell & Tissue Res. 314: 381-388.
• Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Yodoi J, and Ichihashi M (2001). The effect of Thioredoxin on the progression of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, the melanocortin 1 receptor and cell survival of normal human keratinocytes. J Invest. Dermatol. Sympo. Proceed. 6: 32-37.
• Araki K, Horikawa T, Chakraborty AK, Nakagawa K, Itoh H, Oka M, Funasaka Y, Pawelek J, and Ichihashi M (2000). Small GTPase RAB3A is associated with melanosomes in melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Res. 13 (5): 332-336.
• Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Komoto M, Ohashi A, Inoue K, Wittern, CP, and Ichihashi M (1999). The depigmenting effect of DL-a-tocopheryl ferulate on human melanocytes. Br. J. Dermatology 141(1), 20-29.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Pawelek J, Nagahama M, Ito A, and Ichihashi M (1999). Enhanced expression of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) in normal human keratinocytes during differentiation: Evidence for increased expression of POMC peptides near the suprabasal layer of epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 112 (6): 853-860.
• Funasaka Y, Sato H, Chakraborty AK, Nagahama M, Ohashi A, Chrousos GP, and Ichihashi M (1999). Expression of proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and CRH receptor in melanoma cells, nevus cells, and normal human melanocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proceed. 4(2): 105-109.
• Nishioka E, Funasaka Y, Kondoh H, Chakraborty AK, Mishima Y, and Ichihashi M (1999). Expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 in UV-irradiated human melanomas and melanocytes: TRP-2 protects melanoma cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. Melanoma Res. 9 (5): 433-443.
• Ichihashi M, Funasaka Y, Ohashi A, Chakraborty AK, Ahmed NU, Ueda M, Osawa T (1999). The inhibitory effect of DL-alpha-tocopheryl ferulate in lecithin on melanogenesis. Anticancer Research 19(5):3769-3774.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Slominski A, Bolognia J, Sodi A, Ichihashi M, and Pawelek J (1999). UV light and MSH receptors. Annals. New York Acad. Sci. 885: 100-116.
• Debjit Chakraborty and Ashok K. Chakraborty (2008). Evidence for tyrosinase as a 1,6 branch containing glycoprotein: Substrate of GnT-V. Life Sciences 83(7-8); 260-263.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Komoto M, and Ichihashi M (1998). Effect of arbutin on melanogenic proteins in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 11(4): 206-212.
• Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Hayashi S, Komoto N, Ohashi A, Nagahama M, Inoue T, Gantz I, Pawelek J, and Ichihashi M (1998). Modulation of melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor expression on normal human melanocytes: Evidence for a regulatory role of UVB, IL-1a, IL-1b, ET-1, and TNFa. Br. J. Dermatol. 139(2): 216-224.
• Nagahama M, Funasaka Y, Lorna Fernandez-Frez M, Ohashi A, Chakraborty AK, Ueda M, and Ichihashi M (1998). Immunoreactivity of a-melanocyte stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and b-endorphin in cutaneous malignant melanoma and benign melanocyte naevi. Br. J. Dermatology 138: 981-985.
• Slominski A, Botchkareva NV, Botchkarev VA, Chakraborty AK, Luger T, Uenalan M, Paus R (1998). Hair cycle dependent production of ACTH in mouse skin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1448: 147-152.
• M. Nagahama, Y. Funasaka, A. K. Chakraborty, A. Ito, M. Ichihashi (1997). MSH receptor binding activity and α-MSH production in normal human keratinocytes during differentiation. Journal of Dermatological Science. 15(2):132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-1811(97)81881-6
• Y. Funasaka, K. Araki, A. K. Chakraborty, A. Ito, E. Nishioka, T. Horikawa, M. Ichihashi (1997). Analysis of the role of COP I protein and small GTP-binding protein in intracellular coated vesicle transport. Journal of Dermatological Science 15(2):126-138.
• Chakraborty AK, Platt JT, Kim KK, Kwon BS, Bennette DC, Pawelek JM (1996). Polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to melanin by the Pmel 17/ Silver locus protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 236: 180-188.
• Oka M, Chakraborty AK, Ichihashi M (1996). Enhanced expression of protein kinase C subspecies in melanogenic compartments during stimulation or inhibition of melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells by UVB or MSH. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106, 377-378.
• Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Pawelek J, and Ichihashi M (1996). Production and release of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptides by human melanocytes and keratinocytes in culture: regulation by UVB. Biochem Biophys Acta 1313, 130-138.
• Slominski A, Baker J. Ermak G, Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (1996). Ultraviolet light stimulates production of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by human melanocytes. FEBS Lett. 399: 175-176.
• Slominski A, Paus R, Plonka P, Handjiski B, Maurer M, Chakraborty AK, and Mihm M (1996). Pharmacological disruption of hair follicle pigmentation by cyclophosphamide as a model for studying the melanocyte response to and recovery from cytotoxic drug damage in situ . J. Invest Dermatol 106: 1203-1211.
• Chakraborty DP, Roy S, Chakraborty AK (1996). Vitiligo, psoralen, and melanogenesis: some observations and understanding. Pigment Cell Res. 9: 107-116.
• Yoko Funasaka, Akiko Ohashi, Michiko Nagahama, Ashok K. Chakraborty, Masato Ueda, Hideya Ando, Masamitsu Ichihashi (1996). Adult T cell leukemia-derived factor is involved in ultraviolet B induced melanogenesis by upregulating MSH receptor binding activity. Journal of Dermatological Scienc. 12(1): 84-84.
• Chakraborty AK, Slominski A, and Pawelek J (1995). Ultraviolet and melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulate mRNA production for aMSH receptors and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in mouse melanoma cells and transformed keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105: 655-659.
• Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Chakraborty AK, Mazurkiewicz JE, Mihm M (1995). Proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed in human skin. FEBS Lett. 374: 113-116.
• Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Ohashi A, Nagahama M, and Ichihashi M (1995). UVB induced melanogenesis- Involvement of POMC-derived aMSH and ACTH. Photomedicine and photobiology, 17, 73-76.
• Y. Funasaka, A. Chakraborty, A. Ohashi, M. Nagahama, M. Ichihashi (1995). α- MSH/ACTH of keratinocytes and MSH receptor on melanocytes are up-regulated by ultraviolet B irradiation, Journal of Dermatological Science. 10(1): 87-88.
• Orlow S, Zhou BK, Chakraborty AK, Drucker M, Pifko-Hirst S, and Pawelek J (1994). High Molecular weight forms of tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins: Evidence for a melanogenic complex. J. Invest Dermatol. 103: 196-201.
• Chakraborty AK, Bolognia JL, Orlow SJ, Sodi SA, and Pawelek JM (1994). The Biochemistry of skin pigmentation and its relation to melanoma. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 71: 489-494.
• Orlow S, Zhou BK, Chakraborty AK, Drucker M, Pifko-Hirst S, and Pawelek J (1994). High Molecular weight forms of tyrosinase and the tyrosinase-related proteins: Evidence for a melanogenic complex. J. Invest Dermatol. 103: 196-201.
• Slominski A, Paus R, Plonka P, Chakraborty AK, Maurer M, Pruski D, and Lukiewicz S (1994). Melanogenesis during the anagen-catagen-telogen transformation of the murine hair cycle. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102: 862-869.
• Chakraborty AK, and Chakraborty DP (1993). The effect of tryptophan on dopa-oxidation by melanosomal tyrosinase. Int. J. Biochemistry 25(9): 1277-1280.
• Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (1993). MSH receptors in immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes: a potential mechanism for coordinate regulation of the epidermal –unit by UV light. J. Cell Physiol. 157: 344-350.
• Chakraborty AK, Chakraborty A, and Chakraborty DP (1993). Hydroquinone simultaneously induces Indole-1 amine 2,3 dioxygenase (IOD) and inhibits tyrosinase in Bufo melanostictus. Life Sci. 52: 1695-1698.
• Chakraborty AK, Orlow S, and Pawelek J (1992). Evidence that Dopachrome tautomerase is a Fe-containing glycoprotein. FEBS Lett 302 (2): 126-128.
• Orlow S, Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (1992). Membrane glycoprotein common to vesicles and melanosomes in mouse melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Research (suppl) 12: 162-170.
• Pawelek J, Chakraborty AK, Osber M, Orlow S, and Bolognia J (1992). Molecular cascade of UV induced melanogenesis: A central role of melanotropins. Pigment Cell Research 5: 348-356.
• Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (1992). Up-regulation of MSH receptor by MSH in Cloudman melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1325-1331.
• Chakraborty AK, Ueda M, Ichihashi M, and Mishima Y (1991). Effect of DOPA loading on glutathione metabolising enzymes and tyrosinase in relation to 5-S-cysteinyl DOPAgenesis in cultured B-16 melanoma cells. J. Dermatological Science. 2: 329-335.
• Chakraborty AK, Orlow S, Bolognia J, and Pawelek J (1991). Structural/functional relationships between internal and external MSH receptors: Modulation of expression in Cloudman melanoma cells by UVB radiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 147: 1-6.
• Orlow S, Chakraborty AK, Boissy R, and Pawelek J (1990). Inhibition of induced melanogenesis in Cloudman melanoma cells by four phenotypic modifiers. Exp. Cell Res. 191: 209-218.
• Orlow S, Chakraborty AK, and Pawelek J (1990). Retinoic acid is a potent inhibitor of inducible pigmentation in mouse melanoma. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94: 461-464.
• Chakraborty AK, Orlow S, and Pawelek J (1990). Stimulation of MSH receptor by retinoic acid. FEBS Lett. 276: 205-208.
• Chakraborty AK, Mishima Y, Inazu M, Hatta S, and Ichihashi M (1989). Melanogenic regulatory factors in coated vesicles from melanoma cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 93: 616-620.
• Chakraborty DP, Roy S, Chakraborty AK, and Rakshit R (1989). Tryptophan participation in melanogenesis: Modification of Raper-Mason-Pawelek scheme of melanin formation. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 66: 699-702.
• Chakraborty DP, Roy S, Chakraborty AK, Rakshit R, and Chakraborty A (1988). Profile of stress conditions during induced depigmentation: Tryptophan participation in melanogenesis and composite hypothesis of Vitiligo. IRCS Med. Sci. 16: 21-22.
• Chakraborty DP, Roy S, Chakraborty AK, and Rakshit R (1986). Tryptophan participation in melanogenesis: A biomimetic study. IRCS Med. Sci. 14: 940-941.
• Chakraborty C, Chatterjee A, Chakraborty AK, and Chakraborty DP (1984). Inverse relationship between melanogenesis and endogenous hydroquinone. Experientia 40: 829-830.
• Chakraborty C, Chakraborty AK, and Chakraborty DP (1984). A comparative study of tryptophan metabolism in skins and livers of black and albino rats. Experientia 40, 363-364.
• Chakraborty C, Chakraborty AK, Dutta AK, and Chakraborty DP (1983). Abnormal tryptophan pyrrolase and amino acids related to melanogenesis in Vitiligo. Experientia 39: 280-281.
• Chakraborty DP, Chakraborty C, Ganguly M, and Chakraborty AK (1983). Trace metals and melanogenesis. Experientia 39: 282-283.
• Chakraborty DP, Chatterjee A, and Chakraborty AK. (1981) Induced depigmentation in Bufo melanostictus and ascorbic acid. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 58: 608-610.
• Roy S, Chakraborty AK, and Chakraborty DP (1981). Melanin formation and breakdown of indole under Udenfriend condition. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 58: 992-993.
• Chakraborty AK, Chatterjee A, Chakraborty C, and Chakraborty DP (1980). Effect of tryptophan on tyrosinase in relation to vitiligo. Experientia 36, 920-921.
• Chakraborty A and Guha S (2021). Importance of Physical Exercise on Macrophage Polarization: A Relation to Disease Concern. Journal of Advanced Biochemistry. 2021; 1(1):1-11. https://snipub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SNI-JAB-21-04.pdf
• Ashok Chakraborty, Smita Guha, and Prabir Patra (2020). Nanotechnology and Global Applications: Bench to Community. Journal of Biology and Life Science (ISSN 2157-6076). 11 (2): 181-189. https://doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v11i2.17617.
• Smita Guha, Ashok Chakraborty, Nicolette Arnold, Lexie Belotti, Brett Boudreault, Connor Donahue, Eric Hardy, Kayla Farley, Sebastian Fernandez, Logan Gallagher, Alyssa McMahon (2020). Nutrition and Physical Exercise For The Prevention and Management of Diabetes. J Cell Biol Cell Metab 7:018. DOI:10.24966/CBCM-1943/100018.

• Chakraborty, A., Diwan, A., Tatake, J. (2023). Use of Nanomaterials as an Antimicrobial and Antiviral Regimen. In: Chaughule, R.S., Lokur, A.S. (eds) Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49933-3_3.
• Guha, S., Chakraborty, A., Chakraborty, D. (2023). Application of Nanotechnology in Food Microbiology: Implication on Public Health. In: Chaughule, R.S., Lokur, A.S. (eds) Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49933-3_6
• Anil Diwan, Jayant Tatake, Ashok Chakraborty (2022). Therapeutic Uses of TheraCour™ Polymeric Nanomicelles Against Cancer, Infectious Diseases and More. Book: Nanomaterials for Cancer Detection Using Imaging Techniques and Their Clinical Applications. Springer Nature. DOI : 10.1007/978-3-031-09636-5.
• Ashok Chakraborty, Jayant Tatake, Vijetha Chiniga, Rajesh Pandey, Preetam Holkar, Neelam Holkar, Vinod Arora, Randall Barton, Anil Diwan (2021). Search for Therapeutics against COVID-19: A Recent Approach. Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research. Vol. 13, 24 November 2021, Page 45-56. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdmmr/v13/3490F
• Rossitza Lazova, Ashok Chakraborty and John M. Pawelek (2011). Cell Fusions: Regulation and Control. Larsson, Lars-Inge (Ed.), Springer, 1st Edition. 2011, XII, 351-394.
• John M. Pawelek, Ashok K. Chakraborty (2008). The Cancer Cell–Leukocyte Fusion Theory of Metastasis. Advances in Cancer Research. Volume 101, Pages 397–444
• Pawelek, J., Chakraborty AK, Yilmaz, Y., Cooper, D., Brash, D., and Handerson, T (2006). Co-opting macrophage traits in cancer progression: A consequence of tumor cell fusion? in: Dittmar T, Zaenker KS, Schmidt A (eds): Infection and Inflammation: Impacts on Oncogenesis. Contrib. Microbiol. Basel, Karger, vol 13, pp138-155, 2006.
• Chakraborty AK and Pawelek J (1998). The enzymology of mammalian melanogenesis. In: The Pigmentary System, Physiology and Pathophysiology, eds. JJ Nordlund, R Boissy, R King, V Hearing and JP Ortonne, Oxford University Press, New York. pp391-400, 1998.
• Pawelek J, Platt J, Pugliese PT and Chakraborty AK (1995). Enzymatic and nonenzymatic synthesis of melanin. In Melanin: Its role in human Photoprotection. Valdenmar Publishing Co., Overland Park, KS, pp 109-115.
• Pawelek J, Bolognia J, Chakraborty AK, Gonzalez M and Orlow S. Biology of Melanoma. In : Cutaneous melanoma biology and management (Eds., N Cascinelli, Msantinami and U Veronesi). Masson, Italy, pp 3-16, 1990.

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