ARTICLE TYPE : RESEARCH ARTICLE
Published on : 14 Feb 2026, Volume - 2
Journal Title :
WebLog Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics | WebLog J Gerontol Geriatr
Source URL: 
https://weblogoa.com/articles/wjgg.2026.b1408
Permanent Identifier (DOI) : 
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18811618
Osteoporosis: Contemporary Understanding, Diagnostic Advances, and Evolving Therapeutic Strategies
2Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sultan Qaboos Hospital, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
4Santa Casa de Tatui General Hospital, 330 Maneco Pereira Road, Tatui 18273000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
5J. Watumull Global Hospital & Research Centre, Delwara Road, Mount Abu, Rajasthan 307501, India
6Department of Pediatric Surgery, PGICHR and KTCGUH, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Objectives: To synthesise current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches in osteoporosis, with emphasis on recent advances in risk stratification, imaging, and pharmacological management such as anabolic therapies, vitamin D analogues such as alfacalcidol, and emerging agents.
Design: Narrative review of contemporary literature, including recent clinical reviews and guidelines.
Data Sources: Peer‑reviewed articles and clinical guidelines identified through web search, including BMJ clinical reviews and primary care guidance.
Eligibility Criteria: Articles addressing epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, fracture risk assessment, and management of osteoporosis.
Results: Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal disease associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Hip fractures carry a one‑year mortality of approximately 20%. Emerging risk factors include diabetes, sarcopenia, and bariatric surgery. Advances include FRAXplus for refined risk stratification, trabecular bone score, and radiofrequency echographic multi‑spectrometry imaging. Management has shifted from BMD‑based decisions to fracture‑risk–based treatment pathways. Sequential therapy beginning with anabolic agents is increasingly recommended for highest‑risk patients. Osteoporosis remains a major global health burden. Advances include improved fracture‑risk stratification, novel imaging modalities, and a shift toward risk‑based and sequential therapy. Anabolic agents, vitamin D analogues, and emerging biologics have expanded treatment options.
Conclusions: Osteoporosis remains a major public health challenge. Improved risk assessment tools, novel imaging modalities, and evolving pharmacological strategies offer opportunities for more personalised, goal‑directed care. A personalised, risk‑stratified approach integrating new diagnostics and sequential therapy offers the most effective strategy for reducing fracture burden.
Keywords: Osteoporosis; Fragility Fractures; Vertebral Compression Fractures; Bone Mineral Density (BMD); Trabecular Bone Score (TBS); Radiofrequency Echographic Multi‑Spectrometry (REMS); Fracture Risk Assessment; FRAX; Sequential Therapy; Anabolic Therapy; Teriparatide; Abaloparatide; Romosozumab; Antiresorptive Therapy; Bisphosphonates; Denosumab; Vitamin D Analogues; Alfacalcidol; Cholecalciferol; Bone Quality; Imminent Fracture Risk; Sarcopenia; Secondary Osteoporosis; Morbidity and Mortality; Kyphosis; Bone Health in Ageing
Citation
Zaparackaite I, Singh SJ, Bhattacharya DC, Correia RC, Mehta AR, Midha PK, et al. Osteoporosis: Contemporary Understanding, Diagnostic Advances, and Evolving Therapeutic Strategies. WebLog J Gerontol Geriatr. wjgg.2026. b1408. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18811618