Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Cows; Diagnostic Approaches and Management: A Review

Abstract

Reproductive disorders are the principal problems influencing the productivity and production of domestic animals. The main reproductive-related problems that directly affect the reproductive performance of dairy cows are categorized as follows: retained fetal membrane, uterine prolapse, and puerperal infections like endometritis, pyometra, and metritis; accidents that occur before gestation (abortion, vaginal prolapse, and dystocia); and accidents that occur during gestation (abortion, vaginal prolapse, and dystocia). Due to slower uterine involution, decreased reproductive rate, longer inter-conception and calving intervals, adverse effects on fertility, higher prescription costs, decreased milk production, loss of valuable cows and fetuses; these problems cause the dairy industry to suffer substantial economic losses. Research on the main reproductive issues affecting cattle in Ethiopia's various regions has revealed that these issues, which can range in prevalence from 11.7% to 61%, are responsible for significant financial losses for small-scale dairy farms and the dairy industry. A regular vaccination regimen for the herd, and treating animals under a veterinarian's care once the disease's initial signs are noticed, is the most crucial general management strategy that prevents most common reproductive diseases. Other general procedures include removing diseased animals from the breeding program, culling them completely from the herd, or isolating them for a particular period of time. On the other hand, enhancing postpartum care, such as adequate nutrition, hygiene, cleanliness, timely artificial insemination, and accurate heat detection, is also necessary to reduce the risk of reproductive issues and prevent the spread of certain diseases.

Keywords: Dairy Cattle; Diagnosis; Management; Postpartum; Reproductive Problems

Citation

Kalacho ND, Detamo MM. Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Cows; Diagnostic Approaches and Management: A Review. WebLog J Vet Sci Anim Husb. wjvsah.2026.j0104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23301545