Bernhard RYFFEL is MD, PhD, INEM, UMR7355, CNRS, University, Orleans, France,

bryffel@cnrs-orleans.fr

Medical education in Bern and Geneva, MD 1978. PhD 1984 and FMH in pathology 1988 in Basel.
Positions held: 1974 Immunology University of Bern, 1979 Pharmacology Sandoz Pharma Basel, 1991 University of Zurich, Pharmacology-Toxicology, 1995, Immunology University Cape Town, RSA. Since 2001 Director of research, CNRS Immunology, Orleans, Francewith active research, and advisor of several pharmaceutical companies. Founder of Artimmune SAS and Phenotec AG.

Research: Mechanisms of inflammation, especially respiratory inflammation, fibrosis, emphysema and COPD, but also in skin, hepatic, intestinal, renal and CNS inflammation. Cell death, innate immune danger sensing and cGAS/STING, ROS and Inflammasome activation in models of human inflammatory diseases and tumor development, role of microbiome, metabolome, neuroinflammation/degeneration and ageing.

Role ofTNF and IL-1 members,in cell death and IL-33 and T2 / T17 polarization and differentiation.

PB drug candidate Stable butyrate to treat chronic inflammatory disease.

• Emphysema and COPD
• Renal and CNS Inflammation
• Cell Death
• Innate Immune Danger Sensing
• Cgas/STING, ROS
• Neuroinflammation/Degeneration
• Ageing
• Role of Microbiome
• Metabolome
• Human Inflammatory Diseases
• Chronic Inflammatory Disease

• Chenuet P, Mellier M, Messaoud-Nacer Y, Culerier E, Marquant Q, Fauconnier L, Rouxel N, Ledru A, Rose S, Ryffel B, inlung fibro Apetoh L, Quesniaux VFJ, Togbe D. Birchpollen allergen-induced dsDNA release activates cGAS-STING signaling and type 2immune response in mice. iScience. 2025. PMID: 40276777; PMCID: PMC12018559.
• Accogli T, Hibos C, Milian L, Geindreau M, Richard C, Humblin E, Mary R, Chevrier S, Jacquin E, Bernard A, Chalmin F, Paul C, Ryffel B, Apetoh L, Boidot R, Bruchard M, Ghiringhelli F, Vegran F. The intrinsic expression of NLRP3 in Th17 cells promotes their protumor activity and conversion into Tregs. Cell MolImmunol. 2025. PMID:40195474.
• Russo RC, Togbe D, Couillin I, Segueni N, Han L, Quesniaux VFJ, Stoeger T,Ryffel B. Ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation: Pathways and therapeutictargets for pulmonary diseases caused by air pollutants. Environ Int. 2025. PMID:40121788.
• Russo RC, Ryffel B. The Chemokine System as a Key Regulator of PulmonaryFibrosis: Converging Pathways in Human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) andthe Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model in Mice. Cells. 2024 PMID: 39768150; PMCID: PMC11674266.Lopes GAO, Lima BHF, Freitas CS, Soriani FM, Cassali GD, RyffelB, Machado FS,
• Russo RC. Opposite effects of systemic and localconditional CD11c+ myeloid cell depletion during bleomycin-induced inflammationand fibrosis in mice. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2024 PMID: 39582275.
• Messaoud-Nacer Y, Culerier E, Rose S, Maillet I, Boussad R, Veront C, Savigny F, Malissen B, Radzikowska U, Sokolowska M, da Silva GVL, Edwards MR, Jackson DJ, Johnston SL, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VF, Togbe D. STING-dependent induction ofneutrophilic asthma exacerbation in response to house dust mite. Allergy. 2024Oct 28. doi: 10.1111/all.16369.
• Dimitrov G, Ryffel B, Togbe D, Quesniaux V. cGAS-STING DNA-sensing ininflammatory bowel diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2024: PMID: 39448330.
• Schlecht-Louf G, Federici S, Ryffel B, Russo RC. Editorial: The chemokinesystem in epithelial immunity. Front Immunol. 2024: PMCID: PMC11390664.
• Varela Martins T, Silva de Melo BM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Silva GV, Anibal-Silva CE, Paiva IM, Publio GA, Rosa MH, da Silva Souza C, Zamboni DS, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Ryffel B, Riteau N, Alves-Filho JC. The DNA sensor AIM2 mediatespsoriasiform inflammation by inducing type 3 immunity. JCI Insight 2024. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.171894. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39352743.
• Devulder J, Barrier M, Carrard J, Amniai L, Plé C, Marquillies P, Ledroit V, Ryffel B, Tsicopoulos A, de Nadai P, Duez C. Pulmonary Administration of TLR2/6Agonist after Allergic Sensitization Inhibits Airway Hyper-Responsiveness andRecruits Natural Killer Cells in Lung Parenchyma. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; PMCID: PMC11394962.
• Muela-Zarzuela I, Ryffel et al. NLRP1 inflammasome promotes senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Inflamm Res. 2024. PMID: 38907167.
• Mbalaviele G, Ryffel B. Editorial: Inflammasomes in human diseases andmetabolism. Front Immunol. 2024. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1420303. PMID: 38840909.
• Nascimento M, Huot-Marchand S, Fanny M, Straube M, Le Bert M, Savigny F,Apetoh L, Van Snick J, Trovero F, Chamaillard M, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Gosset P, Gombault A, Riteau N, Sokol H, Couillin I. NLRP6 controls pulmonaryinflammation from cigarette smoke in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. FrontImmunol. 2023: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224383. PMID:38146368.
• Bugaut H, El Morr Y, Mestdagh M, Darbois A, Paiva RA, Salou M, Le Gac AL, Ryffel B, Montagutelli X, Lantz O, Legoux F. A conserved transcriptional program for MAIT cells across mammalian evolution. J Exp Med. 2024 Feb 5;221(2):e20231487. doi: 10.1084/jem.20231487.
• Cutrin JC, Alves-Filho JC, Ryffel B. Editorial: Sepsis: studying the immunesystem to highlight biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and personalizedtreatments. Front Immunol. 2023 22;14:1325020. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325020.
• Russo RC, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B. Homeostatic chemokines as putativetherapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Trends Immunol. 2023 Nov9:S1471-4906(23)00210-7. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.10.003.
• Carignon S, De Moura Rodrigues D, Gosset D, Culerier E, Huot-Marchand S,Savigny F, Kaya E, Quesniaux V, Gombault A, Couillin I, Ryffel B, Le Bert M,Riteau N. Lung inflammation and interstitial fibrosis by targeted alveolarpithelial type I cell death. Front Immunol. 2023. 14:1261483. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261483.
• Leinardi R, Pochet A, Uwambayinema F, Yakoub Y, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, BrozP, Pavan C, Huaux F. Gasdermin D membrane pores orchestrate IL-1α secretion fromnecrotic macrophages after NFS-rich silica exposure. Arch Toxicol. 2023.;97(4):1001-1015. doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03463-x.
• Baldrighi M, Doreth C, Li Y, Zhao X, Warner EF, Chenoweth H, Kishore K, Latz E, de Cárcer G, Malumbres M, Ryffel B, Bryant CE, Liu J, Lilley KS, Mallat Z, Li X.J PLK1 inhibition dampens NLRP3 inflammasome-elicited response in inflammatory disease models. J Clin Invest. 2023 Sep 12:e162129. doi: 10.1172/JCI162129.
• Bergant V, Schnepf D, de Andrade Krätzig N, Hubel P, Urban C, Engleitner T, Dijkman R, Ryffel B, Steiger K, Knolle PA, Kochs G, Rad R, Staeheli P, Pichlmair A. mRNA 3'UTR lengthening by alternative polyadenylation attenuates inflammatory responses and correlates with virulence of Influenza A virus. Nat Commun. 2023 Aug 15;14(1):4906. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40469-6.
• de Melo BMS, Veras FP, Zwicky P, Lima D, Ingelfinger F, Varela T, Nakaya HI, da Silva Souza C, Cunha FQ,Cunha TM, Ryffel B, Becher B, Alves-Filho JC. S100A9 drives the chronification ofpsoriasiform inflammation by inducing IL-23/type 3 immunity. J Invest Dermatol.2023 Mar 13:S0022-202X(23)01825-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.026.
• Leinardi R, Pochet A, Uwambayinema F, Yakoub Y, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, BrozP, Pavan C, Huaux F. Gasdermin D membrane pores orchestrate IL-1α secretion fromnecrotic macrophages after NFS-rich silica exposure. Arch Toxicol. 2023Apr;97(4):1001-1015. doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03463-x.
• Corrêa RO, Castro PR, Moser R, Ferreira CM, Quesniaux VFJ, Vinolo MAR, RyffelB. Butyrate: Connecting the gut-lung axis to the management of pulmonarydisorders. Front Nutr. 2022 Oct 20;9:1011732. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1011732.
• Bauer A, Pachl E, Hellmuth JC, Ryffel B, Schubert B, Hilgendorff A. Proteomics revealsantiviral host response and NETosis during acute COVID-19 in high-risk patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166592.
• Lecron JC, Charreau S, Jégou JF, Bernard FX, Ryffel B, Morel F. IL-17 and IL-22 are pivotal cytokines to delay wound healing of <i>S. aureus and P. aeruginosa</i> infected skin.Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 7;13:984016. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984016. PMID: 36275755; PMCID: PMC9585169.
• Cordier-Dirikoc S, Pedretti N, Garnier J, Clarhaut-Charreau S, Ryffel B,Morel F, Bernard FX, Hamon de Almeida V, Lecron JC, Jégou JF. Dermal fibroblastsare the key sensors of aseptic skin inflammation through interleukin 1 releaseby lesioned keratinocytes. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 3;13:984045. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984045.
• Hrdý J, Couturier-Maillard A, Boutillier D, Lapadatescu C, Blanc P, ProcházkaJ, Pot B, Ryffel B, Grangette C, Chamaillard M. Oral supplementation withselected Lactobacillus acidophilus triggers IL-17-dependent innate defenseresponse, activation of innate lymphoid cells type 3 and improves colitis. SciRep. 2022 Oct 20;12(1):17591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21643-0.
• Secher T, Couturier A, Huot L, Bouscayrol H, Grandjean T, Boulard O, Hot D,Ryffel B, Chamaillard M. A protective role of NOD2 on oxazolone-inducedintestinal inflammation through IL-1-mediated signaling pathway. J CrohnsColitis. 2022 Aug 2:jjac106. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac106.
• Roberts LB, Berkachy R, Wane M, Patel DF, Schnoeller C, Lord GM, Gounaris K,Ryffel B, Quesniaux V, Darby M, Horsnell WGC, Selkirk ME. DifferentialRegulation of Allergic Airway Inflammation by Acetylcholine. Front Immunol. 2022; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893844.
• N, Messaoud-Nacer Y, Maillet I, Ledru A, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Horsnell W, Végran F, Apetoh L, Togbe D. NLRP6 negatively regulates type 2 immune responsesin mice. Allergy. 2022.77(11):3320-3336. doi: 10.1111/all.15388.
• Galli G, Vacher P, Ryffel B, Blanco P, Legembre P. Fas/CD95 Signaling Pathwayin Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP)-Sensing Receptors. Cells. 2022; 24;11(9):1438. doi: 10.3390/cells11091438.
• Lima C, Andrade-Barros AI, Bernardo JTG, Balogh E, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M. Natterin-Induced Neutrophilia Is Dependent on cGAS/STINGActivation via Type I IFN Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 25;23(7):3600. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073600.
• Sedda D, Mackowiak C, Pailloux J, Culerier E, Dudas A, Rontani P, Erard N,Lefevre A, Mavel S, Emond P, Foucher F, Le Bert M, Quesniaux VFJ, Mihatsch MJ, Ryffel B, Erard-Garcia M. Deletion of <i>Mocos</i> Induces Xanthinuria withObstructive Nephropathy and Major Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Kidney360. 2021; 17;2(11):1793-1806. doi: 10.34067/KID.0001732021.
• Bruchard M, Geindreau M, Perrichet A, Truntzer C, Ballot E, Boidot R, Racoeur C, Barsac E, Chalmin F, Hibos C, Baranek T, Paget C, Ryffel B, Rébé C,Paul C, Végran F, Ghiringhelli F. Recruitment and activation of type 3 innatelymphoid cells promote antitumor immune responses. Nat Immunol. 2022. Feb;23(2):262-274. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01120-y.
• Li C, Qiu M, Chang L, Qi J, Zhang L, Ryffel B, Deng L. The osteoprotectiverole of USP26 in coordinating bone formation and resorption. Cell Death Differ.2022 Jun;29(6):1123-1136. doi: 10.1038/s41418-021-00904-x.
• Benoit-Lizon I, Jacquin E, Rivera Vargas T, Richard C, Roussey A, Dal ZuffoL, Martin T, Melis A, Vinokurova D, Shahoei SH, Baeza Garcia A, Pignol C,Giorgiutti S, Carapito R, Boidot R, Végran F, Flavell RA, Ryffel B, Soulas-Sprauel P, Lawrence T, Apetoh L. CD4 T cell-intrinsic STING signalingcontrols the differentiation and effector functions of TH1 and TH9 cells. J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jan;10(1):e003459. doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003459.
• Yonekura S, Terrisse S, Alves Costa Silva C, Lafarge A, Mansouri G, Ugolini S, Quiniou V, Berrard S, Ryffel B, Kepp O,Kroemer G, Routy B, Lordello L, Bani MA, Segata N, Yengej FY, Clevers H, ScoazecJY, Pasolli E, Derosa L, Zitvogel L. Cancer Induces a Stress Ileopathy Dependingon β-Adrenergic Receptors and Promoting Dysbiosis that Contributes toCarcinogenesis. Cancer Discov. 2022 Apr 1;12(4):1128-1151. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0999. PMID: 34930787.
• Nascimento DC, Viacava PR, Ferreira RG, Damaceno MA, Zamboni DS, Fonseca DM, Cunha TM, Quesniaux V, Linden J, Cunha FQ, Ryffel B, Alves-Filho JC. Sepsis expands a CD39+plasmablast population that promotes immunosuppression via adenosine-mediated inhibition ofmacrophage antimicrobial activity. Immunity. 2021.doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.005.
• Dalloul Z, Best M, Chenuet P, Togbé D, Gador M, RyffelB, Quesniaux V, FazilleauN, Cogné M. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibition of IgG/IgEproduction in murine B cells is counter-balanced by a strong Th2 bias. ClinTransl Immunology. 2021. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1280.
• Uyanik B, Goloudina AR, Akbarali A, Grigorash BB, Lagorgette L, Hadi T, Baidyuk EV, Sakai H, Tessarollo L, Ryffel B, Mazur SJ, Lirussi F, Garrido C, Appella E, Demidov ON.Inhibition of the DNA damage response phosphatase PPM1D reprograms neutrophils to enhance anti-tumor immune responses.Nat Commun. 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23330-6.
• Mackowiak C, Marchiol T, Stoeger T, Schiller HB,Sirard JC, Le Bert M, Couillin I, Quesniaux VFJ, Togbe D, Ryffel B. Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection Is IL-1R Independent, but Relies onMyD88 Signaling. Immunohorizons. 2021. doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.2000095.
• Chetty A, Darby MG, Vornewald PM, Filz A, Ritter M, McSorleyHJ, Masson L, Smith K, Brombacher F, O'Shea MK, Cunningham AF, Ryffel B, OudhoffMJ, Dewals BG, Layland LE, Horsnell WGC. Il4ra-independent vaginal eosinophilaccumulation following helminth infection exacerbates epithelial ulcerativepathology of HSV-2 infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2021.doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.004.
• Alves-Filho JC, Marcel Silva Melo B, Ryffel B. MMP-9 Mediates Cross-Talkbetween Neutrophils and Endothelial Cells in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.006.
• Nehmar R, Fauconnier L, Alves-Filho J, Togbe D, DeCauwer A, Bahram S, Le BertM, Ryffel B, Georgel P. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-dependent Il-22expression by type 3 innate lymphoid cells control of acute joint inflammation.J Cell Mol Med. 2021. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.
• Roberts LB, Schnoeller C, Berkachy R, Darby M, Pillaye J, Oudhoff MJ, ParmarN, Mackowiak C, Sedda D, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Vaux R, Gounaris K, Berrard S,Withers DR, Horsnell WGC, Selkirk ME. Acetylcholine production by group 2 innatelymphoid cells promotes mucosal immunity to helminths. Sci Immunol. 2021: eabd0359. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0359.
• Navarro-Pando JM, Alcocer-Gómez E, Castejón-Vega B, Ryffel B, Cordero MD. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome prevents ovarian aging. Sci Adv. 2021:eabc7409. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc7409.
• Douguet L, JanhoDitHreich S, Benzaquen J, Seguin L, Juhel T, Dezitter X,Duranton C, Ryffel B, Kanellopoulos J, Adriouch S, Ghinet A, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. A small-molecule P2RX7 activator promotes anti-tumor immuneresponses and sensitizes lung tumor to immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan28;12(1):653. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20912-2.
• Schricke C, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Meda M, Nascimento M, Huot-Marchand S, Da Gama Monteiro F, Ryffel B, Gombault A, Le Bert M, Couillin I, Riteau N. Protective Role of the Nucleic Acid Sensor STING in Pulmonary Fibrosis.Front Immunol. 2021 Jan 8;11:588799. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588799.
• Wiegman CH, Li F, Ryffel B, Togbe D, Chung KF.Oxidative Stress in Ozone-Induced Chronic Lung Inflammation and Emphysema: A Facet of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 2;11:1957. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01957.
• Di Domizio J, Chenuet P, Fries A, Ryffel B, Gilliet M. The commensal skin microbiota triggers type I IFN-dependent innate repair responses in injured skin. Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0721-6. Nat Immunol. 2020. PMID: 32661363.
• Roberti MP, Yonekura S, Duong CPM, Picard M, Ferrere G, Ryffel B, Raoult D, Eggermont A, Vanden Berghe T, Ghiringhelli F, Vandenabeele P, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Chemotherapy-induced ileal crypt apoptosis and the ileal microbiome shape immunosurveillance and prognosis of proximal colon cancer. Nat Med. 2020 May 25. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0882-8.
• Michaudel C, Bataille F, Maillet I, Fauconnier L, Colas C, Sokol H, Straube M,Couturier-Maillard A, Dumoutier L, van Snick J, Quesniaux VF, Togbe D, Ryffel B. Ozone-Induced Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Controls Lung Inflammation via Interleukin-22 Modulation. Front Immunol. 2020 Feb 25;11:144. Doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00144.
• Nascimento M, Gombault A, Lacerda-Queiroz N, Panek C, Bourinet M, Le Bert M, Riteau N, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Couillin I. Self-DNA release and STING-dependent sensing drives inflammation to cigarette smoke in mice. Sci Rep. 2019 Oct 16;9(1):14848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51427-y.
• Sokolowska M, Quesniaux VFJ, Akdis CA, Chung KF, Ryffel B, Togbe D. Acute Respiratory Barrier Disruption by Ozone Exposure in Mice. Front Immunol. 2019 Sep 13;10:2169G, Tidjani Alou M, Liu P, Ryffel B,Segata N, Derosa L, Kroemer G,Zitvogel L. Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies enhance the anticancer effects ofPD1 blockade. JCI Insight. 2020 Dec 15:145207. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.145207.
• Togbe D, Benmerzoug S, Jacobs M, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ. Silica-related ,diseases in the modern world: A role for self-DNA sensing in lung inflammatorydiseases. Allergy. 2020 Nov;75(11):3009-3010. doi: 10.1111/all.14463.
• Reverchon F, de Concini V, Larrigaldie V, Benmerzoug S, Briault S, Togbé D,Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Menuet A. Hippocampal interleukin-33 mediatesneuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairments. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Sep11;17(1):268. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01939-6.
• Marín-Aguilar F, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Alcocer-Gómez E, Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Ryffel B, Flores I, Bullón P, Ruiz-Cabello J, Cordero MD. NLRP3 inflammasome suppression improves longevity and prevents cardiac aging in male mice. Aging Cell. 2020 Jan;19(1):e13050. doi: 10.1111/acel.13050.
• Duez C, Gross B, Marquillies P, Ledroit V, Ryffel B, Glineur C. Regulation of IL-33 Production in Endothelial Cells via Kinase Activation andFas/CD95 Upregulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020 Nov;40(11):2619-2631.doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314832.
• Luiz JPM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Viacava PR, C,Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, QuesniauxV, Ryffel B, Alves-Filho JC. MEK5/ERK5 signaling mediates IL-4-induced M2macrophage differentiation through regulation of c-Myc expression. J Leukoc Biol. 2020 Oct;108(4):1215-1223. doi: 10.1002/JLB.1MA0520-016R.
• Cañadas-Lozano D, Marín-Aguilar F, Castejón-Vega B, Ryffel B, Navarro-Pando JM, Ruiz-Cabello J, Alcocer-Gómez E, Bullón P, Cordero MD. Blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome improves metabolic health and lifespan in obese mice. Geroscience42:715-725 (2020) doi: 10.1007/s11357-019-00151-6.
• Legoux F, Bellet D, Ryffel B, Balvay A, Foussier A, Sarkis M, El Marjou A, Schmidt F, Rabot S, Lantz O. Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Science. 2019 Aug 29. doi:10.1126/science.aaw2719.
• Benmerzoug S, Ryffel B, Togbe D, Quesniaux VFJ. Self-DNA Sensing in Lung Inflammatory Diseases. Trends Immunol. 2019 Aug;40(8):719-734. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.001.
• Benmerzoug S, Bounab B, Rose S, Gosset D, Biet F, Cochard T, Fauconnier L, Horsnell WGC, Ryffel B, Togbe D, Quesniaux VFJ. Sterile Lung Inflammation Induced by Silica Exacerbates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection via STING-Dependent Type 2 Immunity. Cell Rep. 2019;27(9):2649-2664.e5.doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.110.
• Benmerzoug S, Rose S, Bounab B, Gosset D, Laurenceau D, Ryffel B, Apetoh L, Kiziltunc A, Uslu H, Albez FS, Akgun M, Togbe D, Quesniaux VFJ. STING-dependent sensing of self-DNA drives silica-induced lung inflammation. Nat Commun. 2018 Dec 6;9(1):5226. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07425-1.
• Michaudel C, Mackowiak C, Maillet I, Akdis C, Sokolowska M, Tan HT, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Togbe D. Ozone exposure induces respiratory barrier biphasic injury and inflammation controlled by IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep;142(3):942-958. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.044.
• Holze C, Michaudel C, Mackowiak C, Haas DA, Benda C, Hubel P, Pennemann FL, Schnepf D, Wettmarshausen J, Braun M, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Perocchi F, Staeheli P, Ryffel B, Pichlmair A. Oxeiptosis, a ROS-induced caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell-death pathway. Nat Immunol. 2017 Dec 18. PubMed PMID: 29255269.

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