Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. It is frequently associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with a prevalence significantly higher than that observed in the general population. Diagnosis usually relies on positivity of specific autoantibodies and histological confirmation. However, seronegative forms can be observed, notably in T1D patients, making diagnosis more…

Introduction: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism related to the presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies. Long considered protective against thyroid cancer, it is now recognized as potentially associated with differentiated thyroid carcinomas, mainly papillary carcinoma.

Objective: To describe the clinical, histological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of thyroid carcinomas…

Background: Patient–ventilator asynchrony (PVA) is a common complication in mechanically ventilated patients, leading to increased morbidity, prolonged ventilation, and respiratory muscle fatigue. Early detection is critical. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and machine learning algorithms, have been applied to automate detection.

Objective: To systematically review current evidence on AI-based…

Objectives: To re‑examine infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) through a contemporary, multidimensional framework that integrates structural, functional, and psycho‑neuro‑endocrine‑immune (PNEI) mechanisms. This review synthesises current evidence on IHPS epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, and evaluates minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It further explores how emerging insights into gut–brain and neuroimmune regulation…

A six‑year‑old girl presented with a left‑sided abdominal mass and a non‑functioning left kidney, initially diagnosed radiologically as Wilms’ tumor. Intraoperatively, the kidney was found to be compressed—not invaded—by a massive, benign‑appearing retroperitoneal tumor. The mass was excised with preservation of the kidney. Unrecognised extension of the tumor through the lumbar intervertebral foramen resulted in a postoperative spinal epidural hematoma, causing acute paraparesis. Emergency…

Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by partial or complete monosomy X. The presence of Y chromosome material, particularly the sex-determining region Y(SRY) gene, has important clinical implications due to the increased risk of gonadoblastoma. We report two cases of young women with Turner syndrome harboring Y chromosome material detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), illustrating the phenotypic variability, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic…

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by inappropriate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Acute pancreatitis is a rare but potentially severe complication of PHPT. We report three cases in which acute pancreatitis was the revealing manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism. These observations emphasize the importance of systematically investigating metabolic causes, particularly hypercalcemia, in cases of acute…

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in geriatric populations presents a multifaceted challenge characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, sensorimotor dysfunction, and compromised joint stability. While pain management remains central to rehabilitation, proprioceptive dysfunction and impaired dynamic stability represent significant but understudied mechanisms in older adults with KOA. This randomized controlled trial investigates the efficacy of structured…

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) significantly impairs functional capacity and independence in geriatric populations, with increased susceptibility to falls and reduced quality of life. While both neuromuscular re-education (NMR) and conventional strengthening (CS) have demonstrated efficacy, comparative evidence remains limited.

Objective: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared the effectiveness of neuromuscular re-education versus…

The synchronous occurrence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is rare and is most often discovered incidentally on histopathological examination of surgical specimens. We report a series of four cases illustrating this uncommon association, focusing on clinical presentation, histological findings, therapeutic management, and outcomes. Prognosis mainly depends on the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, while papillary thyroid carcinoma generally…